INDUCTIVE EFFECT | Effect on acidity and basicity |

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Inductive effect is a phenomenon in which  sigma bond electrons attract more towards the electron withdrawing atom or group and create a permanent pole. A whole frame shift of sigma bond electrons occurs as shown below.

INDUCTIVE EFFECT in ethyl chloride

Keep remember that frame shift of pi bond  electrons is known as electromeric.

INDUCTIVE EFFECT ON ACIDITY & BASICITY.

There are two types of groups can attach with carbon chain R, electron withdrawing group and electron donating group. In  general, when an electron withdrawing group is attached then it awards more acidity( Strong acid) to molecule as electron withdrawing group snatch more electronic cloud and make it easy to ionize proton H+. Remember a specie  with more ability to ionize H+ is more acidic and in contrary, if electron donating group is attached to carbon chain it will release Electronic cloud and more tightly attach the H+ make it diffcult to ionize hence such molecule will have low acidity( Weak acid).

Let's understand this by an example. Formic acid ( HCOOH) is stronger than acetic acid( CH3COOH).

In case of acetic acid (CH3COOH), methyl ( CH3) group is an electron donating group- also called electron releasing group-  and destabilize the acetate group (conjugate base)  make it diffcult to ionize proton (H+), make the acid weaker.
While on other hand formic acid (HCOOH) H is not as much electron donating group as methyl in case of acetic acid( CH3COOH). Hence formate ion (HCOO-) is stable conjugate base than acetate (CH3COO-).

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