easechemistry

  Olefins mean " OIL FORMING ". ALKENES are known as olefins because of its first member ethene C2H4 - also called as ethylene. Ethylene  gives product of oil texture when reacts with halogens.

Alkane are the hydrocarbons, all carbon and hydrogen bonds are single covalent bond- all are sigma bonds. Sigma bonds are strong bonds where bonded electrons are tightly held between bonded nuclei. So sigma bonds are inert - have very little reactivity to other reagents like oxidizing , reducing, electrophile , nucleophile, acids and bases. Another factor contributes towards little affinity of alkanes is low polarity of C and H bonds. Electronegativity of carbon is 2.5 and that of hydrogen os 2.1, hence electronegativity difference is just 0.4. which is negligible. Alkane are considered as non- polar molecules. So they are inert towards all sort of reagents.  That os reason alkane are also called PARAFFINS mean little affinity.

Phenol is more acidic than cyclohaxanol. Pka value of alcohols is 16-17 while of phenol is 10. Phenol gives a stable conjugate base (phenoxide) after ionization. This stability of phenoxide is due to resonating structures of phenoxide.  Resonating structures of phenoxide. Electrons are delocalized on whole benzene ring make phenoxide a stable conjugate base.  On the other hand alkoxide - conjugate base of non aromatic alcohols- don't have delocalized electrons rather electrons of alkoxide are localized on oxygen atom. These localized electrons rapidly rebond the ionized proton H+.  That's why phenol is more acidic as compare to cyclohaxanol a cyclic alcohol . Remember more pka value means weak acid and vice versa.

The characteristics chemical reactions, an acid shows are: Acid base reactions to produce salt and water. Acid reacts with active metals to produce salt and hydrogen gas. Acid Reaction With Base: Acids have ability to react with base and neutralize it by producing salt and water. phenol fulfills this characteristic chemical reaction of acid. phenol reacts with aqueous solution of strong base NaOH. The products of this chemical reaction are sodium phenoxide (a basic salt) and water. As phenol is a weak acid and sodium hydroxide is strong base hence a basic salt ( sodium phenoxide salt) is produced. WeaK Acid Strong Base Reaction. Phenol reaction with sodium hydrogen carbonate and sodium carbonate: Strong acids react with sodiumhydrogen carbonate( NaHCO3) and sodium carbonate( Na2CO3) and produce salt and carbon dioxide (CO2).Phenol being weak acid cannot react with sodiumhydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) and sodium carbonate( (Na2CO3) to give CO2. So, this proves that phenol is weak acid.  Re

Phenol( C6H5OH) is an aromatic compound.In phenol OH group is attached to the benzene ring. As we define an acid is a species that ionizes its H+ (proton) easily.  The acidic ability of phenol comes due to its ability to ionize H+ and production of phenoxide - phenoxide is a conjugate base of phenol and stabilizes by its resonating structures. we know that an acid will be stronger if it produces a stable conjugate base. ionization of phenol occurs by following chemical equation. A phenoxide (conjugate base) is formed which is a stable ion as electrons on the oxygen is not localized on the oxygen atom alone rather become delocalized on entire benzene ring , which make the phenoxide stable and give considerable acidic property to phenol. Phenol is recognizably acidic can be justify by reaction of phenol( C6H5OH) with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Phenol is weak acid and NaOH is strong base this reaction gives sodium phenoate (salt) and water. this is weak acid and strong base reaction and giv

Inductive effect is a phenomenon in which  sigma bond electrons attract more towards the electron withdrawing atom or group and create a permanent pole. A whole frame shift of sigma bond electrons occurs as shown below. INDUCTIVE EFFECT in ethyl chloride Keep remember that frame shift of pi bond  electrons is known as electromeric . INDUCTIVE EFFECT ON ACIDITY & BASICITY. There are two types of groups can attach with carbon chain R, electron withdrawing group  and  electron donating group.  In  general, when an electron withdrawing group is attached then it awards more acidity( Strong acid) to molecule as electron withdrawing group snatch more electronic cloud and make it easy to ionize proton H+. Remember a specie  with more ability to ionize H+ is more acidic and in contrary, if electron donating group is attached to carbon chain it will release Electronic cloud and more tightly attach the H+ make it diffcult to ionize hence such molecule will have low acidity( Weak acid). Let&#

A strong acid offers easement in release of proton ( H+).  A weak bond between proton and conjugate base and stable conjugate base offers more Strength to organic acids. Hence, Organic acids strength depend on the  stability of conjugate bases of those acids. Stability of conjugate base depends on following factors: Electronegativity Hybridization Inductive effect Size of conjugate base on which electrons stay In case of acetic acid CH3 COOH, methyl group is electron donating group, hence offer proton to tightly bond with conjugate base acetate ( CH3COO-) and H+ don't get detach from acetate (CH3COO- ) easily . That's why CH3COOH acetic acid is weak acid.  On the other hand in formic acid( HCOOH) , Hydrogen is not enough electron donating atom, make it easy for H+ to get ionize.  That's why, Formic acid HCOOH is stronger acid than acetic acid ( CH3COOH).

Electron configuration is the distribution of electrons in atomic shells (also called orbits or energy levels) and subshells (also called orbitals and sub energy levels) . Electron configuration is written in standard notation  which shows shell number, subshell of that shell and number of electrons as superscript as given below. 1s 2 Coefficient 1 showing n=1 i.e “K” S showing subshell Superscript 2 is showing number of electrons 1s2 notation is telling us that "s" subshell of K (n=1) shell is having 2 electrons.  In Electron configuration electron containing subshells with number of electrons present in it, are placed in standard sequence( increasing energy level). Firstly we take detail review of shells and subshells.  Shells: Shells are major energy pathways around the nucleus in which electrons revolve. The maximum number of electrons present in a shell is determined by principal quantum number (n). Number of electrons in a shell are calculated by a formula 2